Preface
This article is mainly for record-keeping purposes, to save myself from installing various software here and there every time I install a new Debian virtual machine. Why specifically mention Debian virtual machines? Because as soon as a Debian LXC is newly created, most of the basic software is already installed. The following assumes that the console is logged in as the root user, so I won't type sudo to save a few characters.
Note 1: Steps 1 and 2 below can only be performed in the console.
Note 2: Since I am installing locally using the mini image provided by the official Debian website, almost no software is installed by default, so I need to install them manually. If it is another deployment environment, such as a cloud host, the default image provided by the provider may already have some of these software integrated, so you may not need to install them separately.
Note 3: Determine whether you need to perform some of the operations in this article or install certain tools based on your actual needs, as this article is recorded according to my own requirements.
Install vim
This is the top priority, and the command is as follows:
apt install vim
Install and configure SSH server
Install openssh-server:
apt install openssh-server
Allow root account to log in via SSH:
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove thePermitRootLoginThe preceding #, and modify it toto yes
Allow regular users to log in via SSH using username and password:
Remove thePasswordAuthentication yesThe preceding #
After modification, simply restart the SSH service:
systemctl restart ssh
Or you can restart it using the service command:
service ssh restart
Actually, I highly recommend logging in directly with a public key, which is more secure. However, because I need to connect from many terminals and find it annoying to configure each one, I just use username and password login. If you usually only use 1 or 2 management terminals, I suggest using public key login directly. For the detailed configuration process of public key login, please refer to another article:Debian Series: Configuring SSH Public Key Login。
For the subsequent operations, you can use an SSH client and directly copy and paste, without having to use the clunky console. :)
Configure timezone
If this step was already configured during the installation process, you can skip it:
timedatectl list-timezones \\列出时区
timedatectl set-timezone your_time_zone \\改时区,这里一般是Asia/Shanghai
Modify hostname
timedatectl set-timezone your_time_zone \\Change timezone, usually Asia/Shanghai here
UseThis step is also optional, depending on your needs. There are 3 ways:hostnamectl
hostnamectl set-hostname your-hostname
hostnamectl set-hostname your-hostname
vim /etc/hostname
vim /etc/hostname
Use the hostname command: hostname your-hostname
Modify IP address
Takes effect immediately, but becomes invalid after reboot.
vim /etc/network/interfaces
vim /etc/network/interfaces
auto lo auto eth0 #设置开机自动连接网络
iface lo inet loopback allow-hotplug
eth0 iface eth0 inet static #static表示使用固定IP地址上网，dhcp表示使用动态ip address 192.168.9.100 #设置静态ip地址，注意只是address，没有ip
netmask 255.255.255.0 #子网掩码 gateway 192.168.9.254 #网关
auto lo auto eth0 #Set to automatically connect to the network on boot
iface lo inet loopback allow-hotplug
eth0 iface eth0 inet static #static means using a static IP address to access the internet, dhcp means using dynamic ip address 192.168.9.100 #Set static IP address, note it is just address, no ip
apt install network-manager
If modifying a static IP address, just change the address after "address"; if using DHCP, change "static" to "dhcp", and comment out the two lines for "address" and "netmask".Modification method for Debian 12:A pure command-line network configuration tool, and the other isnmtui's terminal graphical configuration tool.
The configuration file path for NetworkManager:/etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf, you need to modify the configuration inside: changemanaged=falsein the red box tomanaged=true
Modify DNS address
Temporary modification:
vim /etc/resolv.conf
vim /etc/network/interfaces
nameserver 119.29.29.29 #设置首选dns，国外尽量选1.1.1.1或者8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.8.8 #设置备用dns
Modify as needed.
Permanent modification:
vim /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
Then add a line, modifying the DNS address as needed:
DNS=8.8.8.8 114.114.114.114
After configuring steps 5 and 6, you need to restart the network service for it to take effect:
service networking restart
Install common network tools
The command is as follows:
apt install net-tools
Running the above command will install a set of classic network tools, including ifconfig, netstat, route, arp, hostname, and mii-tool. These tools are commonly used for tasks such as network interface configuration, routing table viewing, ARP cache management, and network troubleshooting.
Install DNS troubleshooting tools
apt install dnsutils
Running the above command will install a set of DNS query tools, including dig, nslookup, and host. These tools are used to perform DNS queries, resolution, and diagnostics, helping to troubleshoot domain name resolution issues.
Configure APT sources (only required if the host is in China)
The default repository source is configured in /etc/apt/sources.list, while the sources for individual software are in/etc/apt/sources.list.d/directory.
Assuming we use the USTC mirror for Debian 12, use the cat command to add it directly:
cat > /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
EOF
Of course, you can also use vim, whichever you prefer.
After changing the sources, remember to use theapt updatecommand to update. (The principle of apt is: a list of package information is saved locally, such as package size, version number, dependencies, etc. The apt update command updates this information list, rather than updating the source (updating the source is done on the server side). If this list is not updated, you might install older versions of packages when installing software.)
Note that the sources for different versions are different, for example, Debian 12 corresponds to bookworm, and Debian 11 corresponds to bullseye.
Deploy Docker environment
First, install some necessary packages:
apt update
apt upgrade -y
apt install curl wget gnupg dpkg apt-transport-https lsb-release ca-certificates
Then add Docker's GPG public key and apt source, the command (for Debian system) is as follows:
curl -sSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | gpg --dearmor > /usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg
echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-ce.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian $(lsb_release -sc) stable" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
Finally, update and install:
apt update && apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
That's all for now, I will add more as I encounter them in the future.